Field Guide toGeometricalOpticsJohn E.GreivenkampUniversity of ArizonaSPIE Field GuidesVolume FGOIJohn E.Greivenkamp,Series EditorSPIEPRESSBellingham,Washington USALibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataGreivenkamp,John E.Field guide to geometrical optics John E.Greivenkampp.cm.--(SPIE field guides)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-8194-5294-7(softcover)1.Geometrical optics.I.Title II.Series.QC381.G732003535.32-dc222003067381Published bySPIE-The International Society for Optical EngineeringP.O.Box 10Bellingham,Washington 98227-0010 USAPhone:+13606763290Fax:+13606471445Email:spie@spie.orgWeb:http://spie.orgCopyright C 2004 The Society of Photo-Optical InstrumentationEngineersAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced ordistributed in any form or by any means without written permission ofthe publisher.The content of this book reflects the work and thought of the authorEvery effort has been made to publish reliable and accurateinformation herein,but the publisher is not responsible for the validityof the information or for any outcomes resulting from reliance thereon.Printed in the United States of America.Introduction to the SeriesWelcome to the SPIE Field Guides!This volume is one of thefirst in a new series of publications written directly for thepracticing engineer or scientist.Many textbooks andprofessional reference books cover optical principles andtechniques in depth.The aim of the SPIE Field Guides is todistill this information,providing readers with a handy desk orbriefcase reference that provides basic,essential informationabout optical principles,techniques,or phenomena,includingdefinitions and descriptions,key equations,illustrations,application examples,design considerations,and additionalresources.A significant effort will be made to provideaconsistent notation and style between volumes in the series.Each SPIE Field Guide addresses a major field of opticalscience and technology.The concept of these Field Guides is aformat intensive presentation based on figures and equationssupplemented by concise explanations.In most cases,thismodular approach places a single topic on a page,and providesfull coverage of that topic on that page.Highlights,insights andrules of thumb are displayed in sidebars to the main text.Theappendices at the end of each Field Guide provide additionalinformation such as related material outside the main scope ofthe volume,key mathematical relationships and alternativemethods.While complete in their coverage,the concisepresentation may not be appropriate for those new to the field.The SPIE Field Guides are intended to be living documents.The modular page-based presentation format allows them to beeasily updated and expanded.We are interested in yoursuggestions for new Field Guide topics as well as what materialshould be added to an individual volume to make these FieldGuides more useful to you.Please contact us atfieldguides@SPIE.org.John E.Greivenkamp,Series EditorOptical Sciences CenterThe University of Arizona