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!important;" /></strong></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong>撰稿：石鹏（同济大学）</strong></span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;"><strong>审稿专家：石磊（复旦大学）</strong></span></section><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><section data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="117004" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;margin-top: 20px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 10px;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section style="box-sizing:border-box;width: 4px;height: 20px;background-color: #0070c0;border-radius: 15px;overflow: hidden;"><br /></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;text-align: left;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;" hm_fix="280:286"><span style="font-size:17px;"><strong data-brushtype="text">什么是微塑料？</strong></span></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">塑料制品因其性能优越，已深入人类生活的各个角落。常见塑料种类主要包括聚乙烯（PE）、聚丙烯（PP）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）、聚乙烯醇（PVOH）、聚碳酸酯（PC）、聚甲基丙烯酸乙酯（PEMA）、聚酯（PES）等。如今，全世界塑料产量和用量十分惊人，截至到2020年，全球塑料产量超过3亿吨，自十九世纪中叶到现在，人们累计生产的塑料已近100亿吨。但直到现在，全世界塑料回收再利用的平均比例只有10%，剩余的90%则通过焚烧、掩埋或直接丢弃进入自然环境中，结果造成塑料垃圾泛滥。比如进入海洋的垃圾中，超过70%是塑料，在中国近海的海洋垃圾中，塑料更是占比超过80%</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[</sup><sup>1]</sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">。</span></span></p><section style="margin: 16px 8px 0px;white-space: normal;text-align: center;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img js_insertlocalimg" data-backh="422" data-backw="562" data-ratio="0.75" data-s="300,640" src="wq_wechatcollecting/article/202211/07/1345/b0a22706c5d4f0e0bed2364ed2518814.jpg" articleid="1345" data_ysrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojK8ItGEx1BbqyeyBaWVRB4thdkMZRzicCJ5CrNx56BH64SxS9BTl4g32g/" zoomfile="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojK8ItGEx1BbqyeyBaWVRB4thdkMZRzicCJ5CrNx56BH64SxS9BTl4g32g/" file="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_jpg/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojK8ItGEx1BbqyeyBaWVRB4thdkMZRzicCJ5CrNx56BH64SxS9BTl4g32g/" data-type="jpeg" data-w="1280" style="width: 100%;height: auto;" /></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: center;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(14, 66, 125);">图1：海洋中的塑料污染</span><br /></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 8px;white-space: normal;text-align: center;line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">图源：Light新媒体/VEER</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">如此巨大的塑料用量和废弃量不仅直接污染物镜，而且还催生了一种新型污染物-</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 18px;"><strong>微塑料</strong></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">，它的定义为</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;text-decoration: underline;">直径小于5毫米的塑料碎片和颗粒</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">。早<span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">在2004</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">年，</span>英国普利茅斯大学教授Richard C. Thompson等人在<em>Science</em>期刊发表了一篇其具有里程碑意义的论文“</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration: underline;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration: underline;font-size: 15px;">Lost at Sea: Where Is All the Plastic?</span></strong></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">”，提出了微塑料 (microplastics，MP) 的概念。</span></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"></span></section><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><section data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="117004" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;margin-top: 20px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 10px;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section style="box-sizing:border-box;width: 4px;height: 20px;background-color: #0070c0;border-radius: 15px;overflow: hidden;"><br /></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;text-align: left;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;" hm_fix="280:286"><span style="font-size:17px;"><strong data-brushtype="text">微塑料的形式</strong></span></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;">这篇论文引起人们广泛关注，进一步研究发现，微塑料在自然界分布很广，并且可以轻易地通过洋流和风力等输运。不仅是海洋环境，在土壤、荒漠乃至极地，也能找到它的身影，目前微塑料已普遍存在于我们的食物、空气和水中</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[1][2]</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 16px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">除了分布广泛，微塑料的来源也比较多样和隐蔽，不过大致可分为两大类：</span></p><ul class="list-paddingleft-1" style="list-style-type: square;"><li><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">一类来源是日常生活中，人们直接使用塑料或含塑料制品的过程。比如当人们开车时，大量微塑料颗粒会从轮胎与地面的摩擦中飞出来，随风飘荡到环境各处；当人们使用塑料奶瓶、一次性餐具、塑料袋、牙膏、口红和洗面奶等物品时，大量微塑料也会进入到空气、水体、乃至人体的皮肤或嘴里。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;"><br /></span></p></li><li><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">另一类来源是人们丢弃的塑料垃圾。这些垃圾经过风吹雨打日晒、破碎掩埋焚烧等等过程后，会逐步分解成大量颗粒尺寸不一的微塑料颗粒或碎片</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[2][3]</sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">。</span></span></p></li></ul><section style="text-align: center;margin: 16px 8px 0px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-backh="414" data-backw="578" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.7167883211678832" data-s="300,640" src="https://img2qn.optkt.cn/wq_wechatcollecting/article/202211/07/1345/b3ee86126eb37cde4cc61c597b1c7e19.jpg" articleid="1345" data_ysrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6C4WbEFMGK5ianmiaBjPKuvWx27ZzdqaicUuags1W3vIT7FWWnNCnDMsm0Oicb6aVxkqPiaFdw20icaS0j34dr3Ax8kQ/" zoomfile="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6C4WbEFMGK5ianmiaBjPKuvWx27ZzdqaicUuags1W3vIT7FWWnNCnDMsm0Oicb6aVxkqPiaFdw20icaS0j34dr3Ax8kQ/" file="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6C4WbEFMGK5ianmiaBjPKuvWx27ZzdqaicUuags1W3vIT7FWWnNCnDMsm0Oicb6aVxkqPiaFdw20icaS0j34dr3Ax8kQ/" data-type="png" data-w="685" style="width: 100%;height: auto;" /></section><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(14, 66, 125);">图2：微塑料形式</span><span style="text-align: center;vertical-align: super;color: rgb(14, 66, 125);font-size: 10px;">[4]</span><br /></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-align: center;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">图源：<em>Environ Sci Pollut Res</em> <strong>28</strong>, 19544–19562 (2021)</span><br /></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></section><section data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="117004" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;margin-top: 20px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 10px;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section style="box-sizing:border-box;width: 4px;height: 20px;background-color: #0070c0;border-radius: 15px;overflow: hidden;"><br /></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;text-align: left;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;" hm_fix="280:286"><span style="font-size:17px;"><strong data-brushtype="text">人类健康的“隐形杀手”</strong></span></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">塑料自身的主要成分是化学性能稳定的高分子聚合物，本身并无特别毒性，不易和生物发生反应，但实际上，几乎所有的塑料颗粒都是“不干净”的，塑料制品在制造过程中经常会加入多种化学助剂，用于润滑、阻燃、改善力学性能或外观质量等，比如润滑剂、增塑剂、抗氧化剂和光稳定剂等，这些助剂大多有一定生物毒性或含有重金属，对人体健康和其它生物都有害。此外，微塑料颗粒因其自身比表面积大，重量轻，疏水性好，吸附能力比较强，容易成为一些持久性有机污染物、内分泌干扰物或抗生素等物质的载体，随着风和水流到处扩散、游荡。</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">图3概述了塑料污染对人类健康的伤害，那么，体积更小的微塑料会不会更危险？这个问题仍然需要研究。</span></p><p style="text-align: center;margin: 16px 8px 0px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-backh="425" data-backw="578" data-galleryid="" data-ratio="0.7347767253044655" data-s="300,640" src="https://img2qn.optkt.cn/wq_wechatcollecting/article/202211/07/1345/4f24ffe2004f8655b42e08dc26a7bb58.jpg" articleid="1345" data_ysrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6C4WbEFMGK5ianmiaBjPKuvWx27ZzdqaicUuSxxoU31RXoqQGo7CibgoCwia71uhwC36EFxCB9QwbmiaGBUhMLhmOIIQ/" zoomfile="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6C4WbEFMGK5ianmiaBjPKuvWx27ZzdqaicUuSxxoU31RXoqQGo7CibgoCwia71uhwC36EFxCB9QwbmiaGBUhMLhmOIIQ/" file="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6C4WbEFMGK5ianmiaBjPKuvWx27ZzdqaicUuSxxoU31RXoqQGo7CibgoCwia71uhwC36EFxCB9QwbmiaGBUhMLhmOIIQ/" data-type="png" data-w="739" style="width: 100%;height: auto;" /></p><section style="text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(14, 66, 125);">图3：塑料污染对人类健康的影响</span><span style="vertical-align: super;color: rgb(14, 66, 125);font-size: 10px;">[4]</span></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;text-align: center;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;text-align: center;">图源：</span><em style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;">Environ Sci Pollut Res</em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;text-align: center;"> </span><strong style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;text-align: center;white-space: normal;">28</strong><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;text-align: center;">, 19544–19562 (2021)</span></section><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">微塑料颗粒可以通过人们的食物、呼吸或皮肤接触直接进入人体。食物中的微塑料一部分来自于食品加工，比如肉松、口香糖、海盐和冰淇淋等，这些加工食品普遍含有微塑料。另一部分来自食物原材料和上游生物链，比如微塑料颗粒容易被蚯蚓、牡蛎、幼鱼等生物当食物吃掉，但却难以被消化，接着通过家禽、鱼类或食肉动物的一步步积累和富集，最终传递到处于食物链顶端的人类</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[2][</sup><sup>3]</sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">微塑料被人饮食摄入后，不能被人体胃肠消化，大部分会随着粪便排出，小量滞留在胃肠道中。微塑料经呼吸摄入后，相对较大的微粒会被上呼吸道的黏膜和纤毛“截留”，然后随痰液等排出，更细小的颗粒会深入肺部，并有可能沉积下来。吸附到皮肤上的微塑料大部分会被皮肤屏障阻截或汗液排出，小部分则会随着皮肤破损或薄弱处渗入体内</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[</sup><sup>3]</sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">这些滞留在人体的微塑料颗粒并不安分，其数量日积月累，不仅会造成或加剧人体不适，并且其内含或吸附的有毒物质，会因颗粒的继续分裂破碎或体内酶的作用，慢慢地在体内脱附析出，就像农业领域的“缓释肥”一样</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[</sup><sup>3]</sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">。</span></span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><section data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="117004" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;margin-top: 20px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 10px;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section style="box-sizing:border-box;width: 4px;height: 20px;background-color: #0070c0;border-radius: 15px;overflow: hidden;"><br /></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;text-align: left;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;" hm_fix="280:286"><span style="font-size:17px;"><strong data-brushtype="text">微塑料是如何被检测出来的？</strong></span></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">目前微塑料定性定量探测技术主要有拉曼光谱技术（Raman）、傅里叶变换红外光谱技术（FTIR）、裂解气相色谱-质谱联用技术（Pyrolysis-GC/MS）等，其中Raman和FTIR已成为最常用的两种鉴别方法，这与其技术特点是分不开的。</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 16px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">1、拉曼光谱技术（Raman）</span></strong></span></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">是基于</span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration: underline;"><strong>拉曼散射效应</strong></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">，光照射在微塑料样品上后，大部分光子被样品分子直接散射出来，散射光频率不变，小部分光子和样品分子发生碰撞和能量转移，改变了分子的振动方式，导致样品散射出了其他频率的光，它与原入射光的频率差值又称“拉曼位移”。“拉曼位移”的程度与分子结构密切相关，因而可以起到类似“指纹”的作用，通过光栅光谱仪等设备可以提取出样品拉曼特征谱峰的位置和强度，然后与标准物质的光谱数据库进行比对，就可以确定样品的成分。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">在微塑料分析时，经常将拉曼光谱技术与光学显微镜组合，构成显微拉曼测量系统（Micro-Raman），这样不仅可以获取样品的拉曼光谱，还可以绘制整个样品区域图像，从而快速确定微塑料的种类、形貌、尺寸及数目。图4是显微拉曼系统结构示意图，它主要由激光器、显微镜和光探测器等组成。用于微塑料测定时，常用的激光波长有785nm，532nm或1064nm；因为样品的拉曼光谱信号往往很弱，光探测器需使用带制冷功能的高灵敏度光谱仪。测量时，激光器出射光经过调制或过滤，进入显微镜后，被物镜聚焦到样品上，样品散射出的拉曼光谱信号被显微镜头收集，再经过分束器和二向色镜过滤进入光谱仪的探测器中，变成电信号后由电脑记录和分析。样品的形貌、尺寸等信息可由显微镜上自带的CCD（或CMOS等）图像传感器获取。</span></p><section style="text-align: center;margin: 16px 8px 0px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img js_insertlocalimg" data-backh="280" data-backw="562" data-ratio="0.49865951742627346" data-s="300,640" src="https://img2qn.optkt.cn/wq_wechatcollecting/article/202211/07/1345/865e4c6bfe94e3f5131440f246790e13.jpg" articleid="1345" data_ysrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojKW4JIeZcgT3Qx7VEQxqQ0ggMAFJE8b49qW1E8ibxCmWxQIKicXefib1mCA/" zoomfile="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojKW4JIeZcgT3Qx7VEQxqQ0ggMAFJE8b49qW1E8ibxCmWxQIKicXefib1mCA/" file="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojKW4JIeZcgT3Qx7VEQxqQ0ggMAFJE8b49qW1E8ibxCmWxQIKicXefib1mCA/" data-type="png" data-w="746" style="width: 100%;height: auto;" /></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(14, 66, 125);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">图4：拉曼系统测量原理示意图</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;">图源：</span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;">Raman Spectroscopy, ScienceFacts</span></span></section><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">在微塑料分析方面，Raman光谱技术优势很多，对样品无破坏性或微损，抗水分子干扰能力强，对样品预处理要求简单，并且可以分析深色或不透明的塑料样品。此外拉曼光谱的空间分辨率较高，在鉴定粒径小于20um的微塑料颗粒碎片方面优势明显。该技术的主要缺点在于拉曼光谱属于弱信号，信噪比较低。另外样品中杂质的荧光会产生干扰，严重时会彻底淹没待检特征光谱信号，影响了测量速度和检测限</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[</sup><sup>5]</sup></span>。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 8px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><strong><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">2、傅里叶变换红外光谱技术（FTIR）</span></strong></span></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">傅里叶变换红外光谱技术（FTIR）是基于</span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration: underline;"><strong>迈克尔逊干涉仪</strong></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">和</span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration: underline;"><strong>分子吸收光谱</strong></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">原理。红外光源发出的连续光被干涉仪内的分束器分为两束，一束到达动镜，另一束经反射到达定镜。两束光分别经过定镜和动镜反射后再回到分束器上汇合后射出。动镜以恒定速度前后移动，导致两束光之间存在光程差而发生干涉。射出的干涉光穿过样品池，照射在样品上，样品分子或其官能团会发生振动能级跃迁，吸收与其振动频率相同的红外光能量，使得几个特定波段的红外光能量被削弱，出射光束携带了样品的特征吸收信息，并被光电检测器转为电信号传输到电脑上，然后采用傅里叶变换算法对信号进行解析，最终提取出样品的吸收光谱信息。因为不同种类的微塑料会有不同的光谱吸收峰结构，可以起到类似“指纹”的作用，故可以像拉曼光谱分析一样，将其与标准物质的光谱数据库进行比对，就可以确定样品的成分。其测量系统如图5所示。如若样品比较透明、轻薄，可以采用简便的透射模式测量，不过需要红外滤片配合；如若样品比较厚或不透明，则可采用反射或</span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration: underline;"><strong>衰减全反射</strong></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">（ATR）模式来获取样品特征光谱信息</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 12px;"><sup>[</sup><sup>5]</sup></span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">。此外FTIR也可以与光学显微镜联用，进一步获取样品的图像特征。</span></p><section style="text-align: center;margin: 16px 8px 0px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img js_insertlocalimg" data-backh="281" data-backw="562" data-ratio="0.5005834305717619" data-s="300,640" src="https://img2qn.optkt.cn/wq_wechatcollecting/article/202211/07/1345/24d26ac4c09f17d37ad4be187966a706.jpg" articleid="1345" data_ysrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojK46x18kvagzwh6adDHZTr3EHFJInjcuW3HYwvF8Sn5QHf73AYdat3KQ/" zoomfile="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojK46x18kvagzwh6adDHZTr3EHFJInjcuW3HYwvF8Sn5QHf73AYdat3KQ/" file="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojK46x18kvagzwh6adDHZTr3EHFJInjcuW3HYwvF8Sn5QHf73AYdat3KQ/" data-type="png" data-w="857" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(14, 66, 125);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">图5：FTIR测量系统示意图</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><span style="font-size: 12px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">图源：</span> In: Park, T. (eds) Bioelectronic Nose. Springer, Dordrecht.</span></span></section><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">在微塑料分析方面，FTIR技术有和Raman技术相同的优点，比如对样品无破坏性，样品预处理要求简单，测量准确等。但不同于Raman技术，FTIR技术无需衰减严重的色散分光，光能量利用率高，光通量大，信号强度高，测量速度快，这是FTIR技术的独特优势。FTIR技术也有一些缺点，样品测试极易受水分子干扰，样品必须保持严格干燥；同时对于形状不规则或厚度过大样品，FTIR技术会因折射误差等原因造成红外光谱图解析困难。对于粒径小于20µm的小塑料颗粒，FTIR技术也易受周围粒子或者环境的干扰，测定效果一般</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;"><sup>[</sup><sup>5]</sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><section data-role="title" data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="117004" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;margin-top: 20px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 10px;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section style="box-sizing:border-box;width: 4px;height: 20px;background-color: #0070c0;border-radius: 15px;overflow: hidden;"><br /></section></section></section><section style="text-align: left;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;" hm_fix="280:286"><strong>微塑料在人体内的检测与发现</strong></section></section></section></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">近年来，Raman和FTIR技术在帮助人们鉴定人体内塑料方面进展迅速，取得了一系列新发现，下面是几个案例。</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">2021年，北京大学的研究团队，从北京体育大学的青年学生志愿者中，采集了24份粪便样品，使用光学FTIR技术对样品开展检测，结果有23份检测出了8种微塑料，其中聚丙烯（PP）的相对质量丰度比占到61.0%，检出的微塑料尺寸在20-800um之间。相关研究论文标题引用了一条西方谚语-“You are what you eat”，也是一个形象的提醒，检出的微塑料与大家饮用的瓶装水和饮料有关</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[</sup><sup>6]</sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">。2022年，南京大学和南京医大的研究团队从50名健康人和52名</span></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration: underline;"><strong>炎症性肠病</strong></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;text-decoration: none;">（IBD）</span><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">患者中获取了粪便样品，然后使用显微拉曼光谱技术开展了检测，发现健康者与肠炎患者的粪便中都有微塑料，其中PET和PA的拉曼特征峰出现次数最多</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[7]</sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">。图6是测试结果，测出的微塑料颗粒形状多为薄片、纤维、碎块和球状，其中薄片和纤维状微塑料占比超过80%，成分以PET（多用于瓶子和食品容器）和PA（多用于食品包装和纺织品）塑料为主。需要注意的是，研究发现，常喝瓶装水、常吃外卖食品、或经常暴露在灰尘中的患者，其粪便中含有更多的微塑料。肠炎患者的粪便中的微塑料含量是健康者的1.5倍，意味着微塑料在肠炎患者肠道内有更多的堆积，可能加重了炎症。更进一步的，2022年荷兰阿姆斯特丹自由大学研究团队采用裂解-气相色谱/质谱（Py-GC/MS）技术,首次在人类活体血液中检测出微塑料颗粒，平均浓度为1.6ug/ml。</span></span></p><section style="text-align: center;margin: 16px 8px 0px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img js_insertlocalimg" data-backh="351" data-backw="562" data-ratio="0.625" data-s="300,640" src="https://img2qn.optkt.cn/wq_wechatcollecting/article/202211/07/1345/7588bcbf3d924011ba4ac24d41d78471.jpg" articleid="1345" data_ysrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojKLIxZeHhAwLBckMKAPLhoC3TuCH80aONjGeicYzTvU8WaWuQVibcmlT3g/" zoomfile="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojKLIxZeHhAwLBckMKAPLhoC3TuCH80aONjGeicYzTvU8WaWuQVibcmlT3g/" file="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojKLIxZeHhAwLBckMKAPLhoC3TuCH80aONjGeicYzTvU8WaWuQVibcmlT3g/" data-type="png" data-w="984" style="width: 100%;height: auto;"></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(14, 66, 125);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">图6：受试者粪便内微塑料</span></section><section style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;line-height: normal;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">图源：<em>Environmental Science & Technology</em> <strong>56</strong>.1 (2021): 414-421.</span></section><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">不仅是血液，最近人们在人类胎盘和母乳中也检出了微塑料。2020年来自意大利Marche大学团队联合当地医院妇产科采集了6位正常怀孕并分娩的健康女性的胎盘样品</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[9]</sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">，并选择了其中4%的区域，进行染色加工等预处理，然后该团队使用785nm激光器为光源，结合显微镜，测量了样品的微区拉曼<span style="display: none;line-height: 0px;"></span>光谱，结果首次在胎盘的胎儿侧、母亲侧以及胎盘膜中检测到了12个微塑料颗粒的存在，其尺寸小于10um，鉴定出塑料的成分为常见的乙烯和聚丙烯等。为避免胎盘受到污染，样品采集与分析过程中，该团队全程采取了零塑料措施。2022年，该团队再接再厉，继续发挥拉曼光谱技术的威力，以母乳为研究对象，结果首次在健康人体母乳样本中也发现了微塑料</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup>[10]</sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">，其成分特征光谱和显微图片如图7所示，光谱图中横坐标代表波数（cm</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 15px;"><sup><span lang="EN-US" style="color: rgb(20, 20, 20);background: white;">-1</span></sup></span><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;">），纵坐标代表相对强度值（Counts）。研究人员将测量得到的波峰的位置与标准数据库中的波峰对比，确认出这些塑料与日常生活中常见的PE等塑料一样。其进入人体的途径与母体皮肤和呼吸接触的油漆、染料、塑料粘合剂、灰泥、化妆品以及个人护理等产品密切相关。</span></span></p><section style="text-align: center;margin: 16px 8px 0px;"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img js_insertlocalimg" data-ratio="0.5705824284304047" data-s="300,640" src="https://img2qn.optkt.cn/wq_wechatcollecting/article/202211/07/1345/4bd0be40feb7bbeb93d84ddecfe8c866.jpg" articleid="1345" data_ysrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojKt2m6Arlr22hWq4xtK2MCBrNibBjjEyVibl9nuW3pG9otsgpLZ4xrGD3A/" zoomfile="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojKt2m6Arlr22hWq4xtK2MCBrNibBjjEyVibl9nuW3pG9otsgpLZ4xrGD3A/" file="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/H4ns46ynvnOCr4Zbtl3Xo2uulUpWVojKt2m6Arlr22hWq4xtK2MCBrNibBjjEyVibl9nuW3pG9otsgpLZ4xrGD3A/" data-type="png" data-w="1013" style=";"></section><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(14, 66, 125);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">图7：微塑料颗粒特征拉曼光谱</span></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: center;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">图源：<em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;">olymers</span></em><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;"> 14.13 (2022): 2700.</span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">上述研究让我们清晰的感觉到，微塑料可以滞留在人体内，并进一步突破屏障，进入血液并被输运到全身各处，甚至可以进入人体胎盘和乳汁！这必须引起大家高度重视，毕竟一想到孩子吸吮的母乳，有可能是“塑料味儿”的，不管有毒没毒，仍会让广大宝爸宝妈们惴惴不安！</span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><br /></p><p style="margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;letter-spacing: 0.5px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;">同时，上述研究也展示了Raman和FTIR技术在研究微塑料方面的价值。两种光谱技术各有千秋。在未来，如将两种技术进行有机组合，互补其优势，将可以进一步发挥其威力，对探索人体内的微塑料提供更全面、更深入的帮助。</span></p><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br /></section><section data-role="outer" label="edit by 135editor" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="116473"><section style="margin: 20px auto;"><section style="border-width: 1px;border-style: solid;border-color: rgb(141, 75, 187);padding: 20px 15px;transform: translateZ(5px);"><section data-autoskip="1" style="line-height: 1.75em;letter-spacing: 1.5px;color: rgb(0, 0, 0);background-image: initial;background-position: initial;background-size: initial;background-repeat: initial;background-attachment: initial;background-origin: initial;background-clip: initial;"><section style="font-size: 14px;vertical-align: inherit;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size:15px;">减少微塑料的危害，除了严格控制塑料产量，还应大力提高回收比例。同时也需要大家改变生活方式，宣传环保理念，少用不可分解塑料袋，减少塑料垃圾排放，只要人人重视和保护环境，情况肯定会好起来。毕竟，微塑料根源于人类自己的活动。</span></section><section style="font-size: 14px;vertical-align: inherit;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br /></section><section style="font-size: 14px;vertical-align: inherit;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><strong><span style="font-size:15px;">为了让大家更加了解微塑料，德国默克公司曾设计了一个小测试，来评估大家每天消耗/制造多少“微塑料，直观有趣，大家可以来试试~</span></strong></section><section style="text-align: center;vertical-align: inherit;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br /></section><section data-tools="135编辑器" data-id="99159"><section style="margin: 10px 8px;text-align: center;"><section style="display: inline-block;padding-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box;"><section style="box-sizing: border-box;background: #ffebed;border-radius: 30px;padding-bottom: 5px;"><section data-brushtype="text" style="padding: 12px 2em;display: inline-block;font-size: 16px;color: rgb(255, 255, 255);letter-spacing: 1.5px;background: rgb(141, 75, 187);border-radius: 30px;"><span style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><strong>开始测试</strong></span></section></section><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;"><section style="width: 38px;margin-top: -24px;margin-right: -8px;transform: rotate(0deg);-webkit-transform: rotate(0deg);-moz-transform: rotate(0deg);-ms-transform: rotate(0deg);-o-transform: rotate(0deg);"><img class="rich_pages wxw-img" data-ratio="1.121212121212121" src="https://img2qn.optkt.cn/wq_wechatcollecting/article/202211/07/1345/2d2c9a63c785d3f473995a450fceb21d.jpg" articleid="1345" data_ysrc="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6C4WbEFMGK5ianmiaBjPKuvWx27ZzdqaicU9dP6pQPP1WLxicUP9ZH5Pr7KMiagavm3Yd3uiceQtMBkj1FecpyeOhWVg/" zoomfile="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6C4WbEFMGK5ianmiaBjPKuvWx27ZzdqaicU9dP6pQPP1WLxicUP9ZH5Pr7KMiagavm3Yd3uiceQtMBkj1FecpyeOhWVg/" file="https://mmbiz.qpic.cn/mmbiz_png/6C4WbEFMGK5ianmiaBjPKuvWx27ZzdqaicU9dP6pQPP1WLxicUP9ZH5Pr7KMiagavm3Yd3uiceQtMBkj1FecpyeOhWVg/" data-type="png" data-w="66" data-width="100%" style="vertical-align:inherit;width: 100%;display: block;" /></section></section></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 14px;vertical-align: inherit;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><br /></section></section></section><section style="transform-style: preserve-3d;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-end;padding-right: 30px;margin-top: -13px;transform: translateZ(10px);-webkit-transform: translateZ(10px);-moz-transform: translateZ(10px);-ms-transform: translateZ(10px);-o-transform: translateZ(10px);"><section style="max-width: 20% !important;box-sizing:border-box;width: 20%;background-color: #ffffff;" data-width="20%"><svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" x="0px" y="0px" viewbox="0 0 100 15"><polygon style="fill:#8d4bbb;" points="14.8,0.7 0.7,15 0,14.3 14.1,0 "></polygon><polygon style="fill:#8d4bbb;" points="27,0.7 12.9,15 12.2,14.3 26.3,0 "></polygon><polygon style="fill:#8d4bbb;" points="39.2,0.7 25,15 24.3,14.3 38.5,0 "></polygon><polygon style="fill:#8d4bbb;" points="51.3,0.7 37.2,15 36.5,14.3 50.6,0 "></polygon><polygon style="fill:#8d4bbb;" points="63.5,0.7 49.4,15 48.7,14.3 62.8,0 "></polygon><polygon style="fill:#8d4bbb;" points="75.7,0.7 61.5,15 60.8,14.3 75,0 "></polygon><polygon style="fill:#8d4bbb;" points="87.8,0.7 73.7,15 73,14.3 87.1,0 "></polygon><polygon style="fill:#8d4bbb;" points="100,0.7 85.9,15 85.2,14.3 99.3,0 "></polygon></svg></section></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><section style="display: flex;justify-content: flex-start;align-items: center;margin-top: 20px;margin-bottom: 20px;margin-left: 10px;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="display: flex;align-items: center;"><section style="flex-shrink: 0;"><section style="box-sizing:border-box;width: 4px;height: 20px;background-color: #0070c0;border-radius: 15px;overflow: hidden;"><br /></section></section></section><section style="font-size: 16px;text-align: center;padding-right: 7px;padding-left: 7px;box-sizing: border-box;" hm_fix="280:286"><strong>作者简介</strong></section></section></section></section><section style="line-height: normal;margin-bottom: 0px;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">石鹏（笔名：Rayleigh），同济大学国家海底科学观测网项目办高级光学工程师，毕业于中国科学院大学。关注领域：环境光学监测，生物光学工程等。中国环境光学学会、国际空气与废物管理学会会员，科普作者，Light科普坊成员。热衷于做让环境更美好，让生命更健康的事情。</span></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;color: rgb(34, 34, 34);font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: 0.544px;background-color: 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Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: 0.544px;text-align: left;background-color: rgb(245, 245, 244);">本文封面图由Light科普坊提供</span></strong></span></p><p style="margin-right: 10px;margin-left: 10px;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;font-size: 12px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><strong style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;">参考资料：</strong></span></p></section><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;height: 180px;overflow: hidden scroll;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section data-autoskip="1" style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;font-size: 14px;text-align: center;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><section style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;text-align: left;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><br /></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);"><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">[1]. </span><span style="color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-size: 12px;">Hale, Robert C., et al. "A global perspective on microplastics." <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans</em> 125.1 (2020): e2018JC014719.</span></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><br /></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">[2]. Kane, Ian A., et al. "Seafloor microplastic hotspots controlled by deep-sea circulation." <em>Science</em> 368.6495 (2020): 1140-1145.</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;"><br /></span></section><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">[3].</span><span style="font-size: 12px;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12px;letter-spacing: normal;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);">Campanale, Claudia, et al. "A detailed review study on potential effects of microplastics and additives of concern on human health."<em> International journal of environmental research and public health</em> 17.4 (2020): 1212.</span></span></p><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">[4]. Issac, M.N., Kandasubramanian, B. Effect of microplastics in water and aquatic systems. <em>Environ Sci Pollut Res</em> 28, 19544–19562 (2021).<br /></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">[5]. Käppler, A., Fischer, D., Oberbeckmann, S. et al. Analysis of environmental microplastics by vibrational microspectroscopy: FTIR, Raman or both?. <em>Anal Bioanal Chem</em> 408, 8377–8391 (2016). </span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">[6]. Zhang, N.a., Li, Y.B., He, H.R., Zhang, J.F., Ma, G.S., 2021. You are what you eat: Microplastics in the feces of young men living in Beijing. <em>Sci. Total Environ.</em> 767, 144345. </span><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;"></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">[7]. Yan Zehua,Liu Yafei,Zhang Ting,Zhang Faming,Ren Hongqiang,Zhang Yan. Analysis of Microplastics in Human Feces Reveals a Correlation between Fecal Microplastics and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Status[J]. <em>Environmental science & technology</em>,2021.</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">[8]. Leslie, Heather A., et al. "Discovery and quantification of plastic particle pollution in human blood." <em>Environment international</em> 163 (2022): 107199.</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">[9]. Ragusa, Plasticenta. "First evidence of microplastics in human placenta."<em> Environ. Int </em>146.</span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;"><br /></span></section><section style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;text-align: justify;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;color: rgb(136, 136, 136);font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;letter-spacing: normal;">[10]. Ragusa, Antonio, et al. "Raman Microspectroscopy Detection and Characterisation of Microplastics in Human Breastmilk." <em>olymers</em> 14.13 (2022): 2700.</span></section><p style="margin-right: 8px;margin-left: 8px;line-height: 1.75em;text-align: justify;"><br /></p></section></section></section></section></section><section style="margin-bottom: 0em;outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;letter-spacing: 0.544px;font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "ingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);text-align: center;margin-left: 8px;margin-right: 8px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word !important;"><span style="outline: 0px;max-width: 100%;line-height: 0;vertical-align: bottom;user-select: none;font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif;inset: auto;margin: 0px;box-sizing: border-box !important;overflow-wrap: break-word 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